What calculation does BMD utilize that involves Z-scores?

The correct calculation utilized by Bone Mineral Density (BMD) that involves Z-scores is expected BMD adjusted by the population's standard deviation. Z-scores indicate how many standard deviations a particular measurement is from the mean of a reference population. In the context of BMD, a Z-score is used to assess an individual's bone density relative to a reference population of the same age and sex.

This calculation is particularly useful because it helps to determine whether an individual's bone density is typical, lower, or higher than what is expected for their demographic. By incorporating the standard deviation, Z-scores provide a normalized score that accounts for variations in bone density within the population. This is crucial for identifying individuals at risk for conditions like osteoporosis or fractures, allowing for targeted interventions.